Integrated circuits

Your next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit . The idea of the integrated circuit was initially conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence , Geoffrey N. A. Dummer . Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated circuit at the Symposium on Progress in Excellent Electronic Components in Washington, D. C. on 7 May 1952. [48] 

The first practical ICs were invented by means of Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor . [49] Kilby recorded his initial ideas about the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. [50] In his or her patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as "a body of semiconductor material... wherein all the different parts of the electronic circuit are completely integrated". [51] [52] Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half 1 year later than Kilby. [53] His chip solved many practical problems that Kilby's had not. Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor, ıt had been made of silicon , whereas Kilby's chip was made of germanium .
This new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal by using computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor . While the subject of exactly which device was the primary microprocessor is contentious, partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term "microprocessor", it is largely undisputed which the first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004, [54] designed and realized by Ted Hoff , Federico Faggin , in addition to Stanley Mazor at Intel .